Endoscope apparatus

ABSTRACT

An endoscope apparatus having an insertion part which includes an object optical system in order to conduct measurements or stereoscopic-vision observations, using the object optical system with a moderate parallax, a moderate size of an image can be provided without making an endoscope thick in diameter.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates to an endoscope apparatus with an insertion part having a small outer diameter which includes an object optical system to conduct measurements or stereoscopic-vision observations.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Conventionally, an endoscope which includes a long and thin insertion part which is inserted into a cavity or the intra-corporeal of a human being for observation, etc., has been widely used in both the industrial field and the medical field. Furthermore in recent years, there have been a great need to measure the size and the depth of flaws and cracks in the industrial field, and to perform surgery using an endoscope in the medical field. Moreover in the medical field, using stereo images to recognize depth information is well known.

[0003] A conventional endoscope in which stereo observation are possible is described in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 8-29701. As shown in FIG. 6, two objective-lens systems are arranged in parallel and at the end of an endoscope insertion part. The endoscope conducts parallax stereoscopic vision by receiving an image from two image-pick-up devices (henceforth, CCD) and shifting the image due to the positional differences of the two CCDs.

[0004] In the optical system with two CCDs, since the number of pixels can be increased as compared to one CCD, it is effective in improving the image quality of stereo images and the precision of measurements. However, by arranging two CCDs in parallel, it then becomes difficult to reduce the size of an endoscope which makes it difficult to observe a narrow site or perform minimum invasive surgery.

[0005] A conventional endoscope having an optical system in which an image with a parallax is formed on one CCD is described in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 7-35989. As shown in FIG. 7, this optical system has one CCD on the extension line of the respective optical axis of the two object optical systems arranged in parallel to form two images. The distance between the two optical axes is hereinafter referred to as “the optic-axial distance”.

[0006] On the one hand, in recent years the trend has been toward smaller-sized CCDs. However, if the optimum optic-axial distance is determined such that a part of the object optical system nearest to the object has a moderate parallax, and an image is formed on the CCD with that optic-axial distance, as shown in FIG. 8, the center of an image will be positioned at the end of the CCD, if the CCD is small. That is, the area of the images at the right and left sides of the CCD, marked with diagonal lines in FIG. 8, decreases and causes interference with the stereoscopic vision and measurements.

[0007] Conversely, if the size of the CCD to be used is determined in accordance with the size of an endoscope, and the distance between the centers of the optimum images on the CCD is also determined, as shown in FIG. 9, there is a possibility that a parallax required for a measurement or for stereoscopic vision cannot be obtained if the optic-axial distance is equal to the distance between the centers of the images on the CCD for the nearest object to the object optical system.

[0008] Therefore, in order to obtain a moderate parallax required for a measurement or a stereoscopic vision as well as an acceptable image on the CCD, the optic-axial distance of an object optical system, and the distance between the centers of the images on CCD need to be varied.

[0009] However, the optic-axial distance of an object optical system influences a parallax which is important at the time of a stereoscopic-vision observation and the precision at the time of measurement. If the optic-axial distance of the object optical system nearest to the object is narrow, a parallax will decrease so that depth information becomes hard to obtain when carrying out a stereoscopic vision and a measurement error becomes large when carrying out a measurement operation.

[0010] Conversely, if the optic-axial distance of the object optical system nearest to the object is wide, a parallax will become large. Although the precision of a measurement improves, the problem will arise that the end of an endoscope becomes large. And since a parallax is too large when carrying out a stereoscopic-vision observation, it is hard to observe on the contrary.

[0011] A parallax depends not only on the optic-axial distance of the object optical system nearest to the object but also on the distance to the object to be observed. In other words, the closer the object is, the larger the parallax becomes, and the farther it is, the smaller the parallax becomes.

[0012] Based on the above, in order to obtain a moderate parallax required for measurement and for a stereoscopic-vision observation depending on the observation distance, and in order not to make the size of an endoscope large, the optic-axial distance of the object optical system at a part thereof nearest to the object should be determined.

[0013] A conventional example in which the optic-axial distance of an object optical system is different from the distance between the centers of the images on the CCD is described in the Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 62-215221.

[0014] In this example, as shown in FIG. 10, by sandwiching a parallel flat dioptric element with a pair of optical systems, the optic-axial distance of an object optical system is narrowed towards the center of the image on the CCD. In such an optical system, if the CCD is small, the parallel flat dioptric element must be small. However, it is difficult to design and manufacture a small parallel flat dioptric element, and still more difficult to sandwich it with a pair of optical system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0015] It is an object of the present invention to provide an object optical system with a moderate parallax and a moderate image size, without making the insertion part of the endoscope thick in diameter.

[0016] In an endoscope apparatus, according to the present invention, equipped with an object optical system to conduct a measurement or a stereoscopic-vision observation, as shown in FIG. 1, the object optical system comprises a pair of negative lenses; a first pair of positive-lenses; a brightness diaphragm; a second pair of positive-lenses; and an image-pick-up device for forming an object image. These elements are arranged in order from an object side. A pair of optical axes are defined by the pair of negative lenses, the first pair of positive-lenses and the brightness diaphragm. Centers of the second pair of positive-lenses are arranged eccentrically with respect to the pair of optical axes in a direction towards each other's center.

[0017] The lenses means can be defined as a single-lens, plural single-lenses, or cemented lens or combination thereof.

[0018] The eccentric lenses may be provided on only one side of the second pair of positive-lenses, or on a part of the second pair of positive-lenses. It is noted that the centers, of the positive-lenses of the second pair, is the center of the circle if the lens shape is a circle, and it is the center of gravity of a polygon if the lens shape is a polygon.

[0019] The endoscope apparatus according to this invention, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied:

0.2≦x/d≦0.9  (1)

[0020] wherein x represents an optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes on the image side, and d represents the optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes on the object side.

[0021] The centers of the positive-lens of the second pair are arranged eccentrically with respect to a pair of optical axes in a direction in which the centers come closer to each other symmetrically and by the same amount. According to this invention, the second pair of positive-lenses on the image-pick-up device side from a brightness diaphragm is arranged to be inwardly eccentric, with respect to each optical axis on the object side from a brightness diaphragm, towards the horizontal direction of the screen.

[0022] The amount of the eccentricity of the second pair of positive-lenses does not necessarily need to be symmetrical. In a stereoscopic-vision endoscope, however, it is important to minimize the aberrational shift of the left and right images. It is preferable that the left and right images are balanced by making the eccentricity symmetric.

[0023] Moreover, each of the positive-lenses of the second pair has a cutout portion at the peripheral thereof where the two lenses abut so that the centers of the positive-lenses come closer to each other. Specifically, the distance between the centers of circumferences of the positive-lenses is less than the sum of radii of thereof. It is preferable that the shape of the cutout portion be a straight line which is easy to process.

[0024] The centers of the positive-lenses of the second pair are arranged to tilt eccentrically with respect to a pair of optical axes in a direction in which the centers come closer to each other symmetrically and by the same amount.

[0025] The amount of the eccentricity of the second pair of positive-lenses does not necessarily need to be symmetrical. In a stereoscopic-vision endoscope, however, it is important to minimize the aberrational shift of the left and right images. It is preferable that the left and right images are balanced by making the eccentricity symmetric.

[0026] Moreover, each of the positive-lenses of the second pair has a cutout portion at the peripheral thereof where the two lenses abut so that the centers of the positive-lenses come closer to each other. Specifically, the distance between the centers of circumferences of the positive-lenses is less than the sum of radii of thereof. It is preferable that the shape of the cutout portion be a straight line which is easy to process.

[0027] According to this invention, it is constituted so that the following conditional-expression (2) may be satisfied:

0.03L<d<2L  (2)

[0028] wherein d represents the optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes at the object side, and L represents the best observation distance of said object optical system.

[0029] The minimum of this equation is necessary a condition in order to obtain a parallax and furthermore to obtain precision required at the time of measurement. As illustrated in FIG. 1, when setting the best observation distance at L, it is considered that 1 degree or more is required for an introvert angle (θ). The best observation distance herein implies a distance to the object which is most suitable for the observation. In the case of an endoscope, it is usually about 5- 100 mm. If the introvert angle (θ) is 1 degree or less, a parallax will decrease and it becomes hard to obtain information on the depth direction when carrying out the stereoscopic vision. Moreover, in that case, a measurement error becomes large when measuring an objective shape.

[0030] The value of the upper limit of the above formula (2) not only restrains the size of an end portion of the endoscope from becoming large, but also prevents the observation from becoming difficult to observe because of a too large parallax.

[0031] According to this invention, the endoscope apparatus is detachable from the image-pick-up device.

[0032] As illustrated in FIG. 1, an end adapter system is detachable in the direction of an arrow at the chain-line position. The rear part is the endoscope side part containing a cover glass 7 and an image-pick-up device 8. Accordingly, the angle of view of the endoscope, the viewing angle, and the introvert angle which influences a parallax are arbitrarily exchangeable by replacing the adapter part.

[0033] According to this invention, a prism for converting the line of sight is arranged between an object and the pair of negative lenses. As viewed from the side in FIG. 3, at least one prism for converting the line of sight 10, a pair of negative lenses 1, a first pair of positive-lenses 2, a brightness diaphragm 3, the second pair of positive-lenses 4, and an image-pick-up device 8 are provided in order from the object side. The second pair of positive-lenses are eccentric with respect to each of the optical axis on the object side from the brightness diaphragm. With this structure, the angle of view is determined by the pair of negative lenses and the first pair of positive-lenses on the object side from the brightness diaphragm. Simultaneously, aberrations, such as a spherical-aberration and curvature of field, are restrained as well. And, by shifting the optical axes of the second pair of positive-lenses after extracting a luminous flux through the brightness diaphragm, the aberrational influence by eccentricity is decreased. Free selection of the line of sight is effective in observing a narrow space.

[0034] According to an embodiment of this invention, an effective image-pick-up range of the image-pick-up device is 2 to 2.5 mm or less.

[0035] In the object optical system of the endoscope according to the present invention, as shown in FIG. 5, the object optical system comprises a brightness diaphragm 3, a pair of positive-lenses 11, 12 and an image-pick-up device 8 for forming an object image. These elements are arranged in order from the object side. An optic-axially eccentric device 13 is arranged adjacent the brightness diaphragm 3, and the optic-axial distance on the object side determined by the optic-axially eccentric device 13 is eccentric with respect to the optic-axial distance determined by a pair of positive-lenses 11, 12 on the image side from the brightness diaphragm.

[0036] Moreover, according to this invention, the following conditional-expression (1) is satisfied:

0.2≦x/d≦0.9  (1)

[0037] wherein x represents an optic-axial distance of a pair of optical axes on the side of the image-pick-up device from the brightness diaphragm, and d represents the optic-axial distance of the pair of optical axes on the side of an object from the brightness diaphragm.

[0038] The optic-axially eccentric device is disposed within 0.5 mm from the brightness diaphragm. The reason why the optic-axially device is provided adjacent to the brightness diaphragm is that the size of the optic-axially device becomes small if the amount of eccentricity becomes comparatively small when using a small-sized image-pick-up device. Therefore, it is desirable to arrange it adjacent the to brightness diaphragm with a low light height.

[0039] The term “adjacent the brightness diaphragm” herein implies not only that the optic-axially eccentric device is disposed within 0.5 mm from the brightness diaphragm, but also that the brightness diaphragm can be disposed within the optic-axially eccentric device. In this embodiment, it is preferable that the small image-pick-up device have an effective image-pick-up range of 2 to 2.5 mm or less.

[0040] Moreover, the optic-axially eccentric device is provided on only one pair of the pair of positive-lenses. In this constitution, it is more desirable to provide only one optical element on one of the optical systems which makes it eccentric to the optical axis of the other optical system in a horizontal direction of the screen. This is because, in the endoscope of a narrow diameter, if two optical elements which make the optical axes eccentric, like a prior art example, each optical element should be made small and a manufacturing process becomes much more difficult.

[0041] According to another embodiment, the optic-axially eccentric device has a prism with two reflecting surfaces, or two reflective mirrors.

[0042] According to this invention, the following conditional expression is satisfied:

0.03L<d<2L  (2)

[0043] wherein d represents the optic-axial distance of a pair of optical axes on the object side from said brightness diaphragm, and L represents the best observation distance of the object optical system.

[0044] Preferably, the apparatus is detachable from the image-pick-up device. Preferably, the effective image-pick-up range of the image-pick-up device is 2 to 2.5 mm or less.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0045]FIG. 1 illustrates an object optical system according to a first example of the present invention.

[0046]FIG. 2 illustrates a sectional drawing including the frame of an adapter part shown in FIG. 1.

[0047]FIG. 3(a) illustrates an object optical system according to a second example of the present invention.

[0048]FIG. 3(b) illustrates a side view of the object optical system shown in FIG. 3(a).

[0049]FIG. 4 illustrates an object optical system according to a third example of the present invention.

[0050]FIG. 5 illustrates an object optical system according to a fourth example of the present invention.

[0051]FIG. 6 illustrates a conventional object optical system of an endoscope which enables stereoscopic vision.

[0052]FIG. 7 illustrates a second conventional object optical system of an endoscope which enables stereoscopic vision.

[0053]FIG. 8 illustrates that the center of an image will be positioned at the end of the CCD, if the CCD is small for the second conventional system shown in FIG. 7.

[0054]FIG. 9 illustrates a possibility that a parallax required for a measurement or for stereoscopic vision cannot be obtained for the second conventional system shown in FIG. 7.

[0055]FIG. 10 illustrates a third conventional system that sandwiches a parallel flat dioptric element with a pair of optical systems.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0056] With reference to the accompanying drawings, examples of object optical systems illustrating the embodiments of the present invention, will be described hereinafter.

[0057] In the following examples, same elements of the object optical systems are identified by the same reference numerals.

[0058]FIG. 1 illustrates an object optical system according to a first example of the present invention. In this example, the object optical system includes a pair of negative lenses 1, a first pair of positive-lenses 2, a brightness diaphragm 3, a second pair of positive-lenses 4, infrared cut off filter 5, cover glasses 6, 7, an image-pick-up device 8, in order from an object side.

[0059] The second pair of positive-lenses 4 are eccentric to the respective optical axis from the object side to the brightness diaphragm 3. In addition, a pair of negative lenses 1 are plane-concave lens with the concave surface oriented to the image-surface side. A first pair of positive-lenses 2, behind the negative lens 1, consists of a concave-convex doublet.

[0060] The brightness diaphragm 3 consists of two apertures. Moreover, the second pair of positive-lenses 4 consist of respective plane-convex lens which are eccentric to each optical axis on the object side, from the brightness diaphragm 3, in the screen horizontal direction, eccentric by in the same amount, respectively, and the convex surface are oriented to the object side. The center part shown by symbol A is cut out so that each lens does not interfere with the other.

[0061] The infrared cut off filter 5 in common in the left and right optical systems, the cover glass 6, 7 and the image-pick-up device 8 are arranged behind the lens. This Example has the structure of an end adapter system detachable in the direction of an arrow at the chain-line position.

[0062] The rear part of the endoscope includes a cover glass 7 and an image-pick-up device 8. Accordingly, it is possible to change arbitrarily the angle of view of the viewing angle of an endoscope, and the introvert angle which influences a parallax by replacing an adapter part.

[0063] The value corresponding to each above-mentioned conditional expression and lens data are as follows. x = 0.986 d = 1.599 L = 13.69 0.2 ≦ x/d = 0.62 ≦ 0.9 0.03 L < d = 0.12 L < 2 L Object distance 13.6896 r1 = infinity d1 = 0.04381 n1 = 1.88300 ν1 = 40.78 r2 = 0.8436 d2 = 0.2409 r3 = infinity d3 = 0.4275 r4 = 1.9713 d4 = 0.6727 n4 = 1.84666 ν4 = 23.78 r5 = 0.9857 d5 = 1.3142 n5 = 1.51633 ν5 = 64.14 r6 = −1.3015 d6 = 0.7051 r7 = infinity d7 = 0.1095 (diaphragm) r8 = 2.2431 d8 = 0.8785 n8 = 1.78800 ν8 = 47.37 r9 = infinity d9 = 0.0329 r10 = infinity d10 = 1.3142 n10 = 1.51400 ν10 = 75.00 r11 = infinity d11 = 0.0329 r12 = infinity d12 = 0.4381 n12 = 1.88300 ν12 = 40.76 r13 = infinity d13 = 0.2190 r14 = infinity d14 = 0.8761 n14 = 1.88300 ν14 = 40.76 r15 = infinity d15 = 0.3286 n15 = 1.49700 ν15 = 81.61 r16 = infinity d16 = 0.0329 r17 = infinity

[0064]FIG. 2 is a sectional drawing including the frame of an adapter part. The structure is watertight by incorporating a cover glass 9 at its end.

[0065] FIGS. 3(a) (b) illustrate an object optical system according to a second example of the present invention. FIG. 3(a) is a top view of the object optical system. FIG. 3(b) is a side view of the object optical system. In this example, the object optical system is different from the object optical system of the first example in that a cover glass 9 and a prism 10 are arranged at the object side for converting a line of sight.

[0066] Namely, in order from an object side, the object optical systems consists of a prism 10 for converting the line of sight, a pair of negative lenses 1, a pair of positive-lenses 2, a brightness diaphragm 3 consists of two apertures, a pair of second positive-lenses 4, an infrared cut off filter 5, cover glasses 6, 7 and an image-pick-up device 8.

[0067] At the end of the prism for converting the line of sight 10, the cover glass 9 is bilaterally arranged. The prism 10 for converting the line of sight also consists of a 90 degree side vision rectangular prism.

[0068] This example also has the structure of an end adapter system, wherein the optical object system is detachable from the image-pick-up device 8.

[0069] Since the part at the side of the image-pick-up device 8 is common to the optical object system of the first example, direct vision and side vision can be obtained by replacing the adapter of the second example with that of the first example.

[0070] The value corresponding to each above-mentioned conditional expression and lens data are as follows. x = 0.856 d = 1.635 L = 10.167 0.2 ≦ x/d = 0.52 ≦ 0.9 0.03 L < d = 0.16 L < 2 L Object distance 10.1672 r1 = infinity d1 = 0.3804 n1 = 1.88300 ν1 = 40.76 r2 = infinity d2 = 0.1902 r3 = infinity d3 = 2.2580 n3 = 1.88300 ν3 = 40.76 r4 = infinity d4 = 0.1303 r5 = infinity d5 = 0.3804 n5 = 1.88300 ν5 = 40.78 r6 = 0.8526 d6 = 0.2092 r7 = infinity d7 = 0.3215 r8 = 1.7120 d8 = 0.4990 n8 = 1.84666 ν8 = 23.78 r9 = 0.8560 d9 = 1.1413 n9 = 1.51633 ν9 = 64.14 r10 = −1.1315 d10 = 0.7160 r11 = infinity d11 = 0.0951 (diaphragm) r12 = 2.0201 d12 = 0.7630 n12 = 1.78800 ν12 = 47.37 r13 = infinity d13 = 0.0285 r14 = infinity d14 = 1.1413 n14 = 1.51400 ν14 = 75.00 r15 = infinity d15 = 0.0285 r16 = infinity d16 = 0.3804 n16 = 1.88300 ν16 = 40.76 r17 = infinity d17 = 0.1902 r18 = infinity d18 = 0.7609 n18 = 1.88300 ν18 = 40.76 r19 = infinity d19 = 0.2853 n19 = 1.49700 ν19 = 81.61 r20 = infinity d20 = 0.0285 r21 = infinity

[0071]FIG. 4 illustrates an object optical system according to a third example of the present invention. In this example, the object optical system is different from the object optical system of the first example in that the optic-axial distance of the optical axes is constant before and after the pair of positive-lenses 4, and is narrowed by the convex surfaces, oriented toward the object side, of the pair of positive-lenses 4.

[0072] The object optical system consists of a pair of negative lenses 1, a pair of positive-lenses 2, a brightness diaphragm 3, a second pair of positive-lenses 4, an infrared cut off filter 5, and cover glasses 6, 7, an image-pick-up device 8 in order from an object side.

[0073] The positive-lenses 4 include a pair of positive lenses which are eccentric to each optical axis from the object side to by the brightness diaphragm 3, respectively.

[0074] This example also has the structure of an end adapter system, wherein the optical object system is detachable from the image-pick-up device 8.

[0075] The value corresponding to each above-mentioned conditional expression and lens data are as follows. x = 0.77 d = 1.44 L = 12.512 0.2 ≦ x/d = 0.53 ≦ 0.9 0.03 L < d = 0.12 L < 2 L Object distance 12.512 r1 = infinity d1 = 0.40004 n1 = 1.883 ν1 = 40.78 r2 = 1.1009 d2 = 0.2991 r3 = infinity d3 = 0.4004 n2 = 1.883 ν2 = 40.78 r4 = 1.2396 d4 = 0.3815 r5 = 1.4434 d5 = 1.091 n5 = 1.84666 ν5 = 23.78 r6 = 0.7628 d6 = 0.9842 n6 = 1.51633 ν6 = 64.14 r7 = −1.1285 d7 = 0.05 r8 = infinity d8 = 0.1001 (diaphragm) r9 = 1.5541 d9 = 0.933 n9 = 1.788 ν9 = 47.37 r10 = 2.7305 d10 = 0.4665 n10 = 1.51633 ν10 = 64.14 n11 = 2.5486 d11 = 0.3003 n12 = intinity d12 = 1.2012 n12 = 1.514 ν12 = 75.00 n13 = infinity d13 = 0.03 n14 = infinity d14 = 0.4004 n14 = 1.883 ν14 = 40.76 n15 = infinity d15 = 0.2002 r16 = infinity d16 = 0.8008 n16 = 1.883 ν16 = 40.76 r17 = infinity d17 = 0.3003 n17 = 1.497 ν17 = 81.61 r18 = infinity d18 = 0.03 r19 = infinity

[0076]FIG. 5 illustrates an object optical system according to a fourth example of the present invention. In this example, the brightness diaphragm 3 consists of two apertures.

[0077] Further, the optical object system includes a pair of positive-lenses consisting of a pair of convex meniscus lenses 11 with the concave surface oriented toward the image side, a pair of positive lenses 12 with the convex surface oriented to the object side, an infrared cut off filter 6, and cover glasses 6, 7, in order from the brightness diaphragm 3.

[0078] Moreover, a parallelogram prism 13 which makes the optical axis behind the brightness diaphragm 3 eccentric is arranged in only one optical system on an object side from the brightness diaphragm 3. Furthermore, in the other optical object system only the parallel plate 14 is arranged so that optical axis is not eccentric behind the brightness diaphragm 3. This is in contrast to the conventional optical system, for example, as shown in FIG. 10, wherein a pair of prism are arranged.

[0079] However, the parallelogram prism 13 which makes the optical axis eccentric has a comparatively small eccentricity so a precise prism process in not necessary.

[0080] Moreover, although a prism element was used in this example, similar eccentricity may be obtained by arranging the two mirrors facing to each other.

[0081] This example also has the structure of an end adapter system, wherein the optical object system is detachable from the image-pick-up device 8.

[0082] The value corresponding to each above-mentioned conditional expression and lens data are as follows. x = 0.833 d = 1.351 L = 10.094 0.2 ≦ x/d = 0.62 ≦ 0.9 0.03 L < d = 0.13 L < 2 L Object distance 10.0937 r1 = infinity d1 = 1.0372 n1 = 1.88300 ν1 = 40.76 r2 = infinity d2 = 0.0926 (diaphragm) r3 = −0.6631 d3 = 0.9568 n3 = 1.88300 ν3 = 40.76 r4 = −0.8176 d4 = 0.0926 r5 = 1.6107 d5 = 0.9260 n5 = 1.51400 ν5 = 75.00 r6 = infinity d6 = 0.3704 n6 = 1.88300 ν6 = 40.76 r7 = infinity d7 = 0.1852 r8 = infinity d8 = 0.7408 n8 = 1.88300 ν8 = 40.76 r9 = infinity d9 = 0.4630 r10 = infinity d10 = 0.0278 n10 = 1.49700 ν10 = 81.54 r11 = infinity d11 = 0.0037 r12 = infinity

[0083] In addition, in each Example, x, d, L, and lens data are standardized based on the focal-length f=1. Moreover, r1, r2, . . . express the radius of curvature of each lens surface, cover-glass surface, or prism surface; d1, d2, . . . express the thickness or the air space of each lens, cover glass, or prism; n1, n2, . . . express the refractive indexes of each lens, cover glass, or prism; and v1, v2, . . . express the Abbe number of each lens, cover glass, or prism, respectively. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An endoscope apparatus having an insertion part which includes an object optical system to conduct measurements or stereoscopic-vision observations, said object optical system comprising: a pair of negative lenses arranged in parallel and almost in contact with each other; a first pair of positive-lenses arranged in parallel and almost in contact with each other; a brightness diaphragm having a pair of apertures; a second pair of positive-lenses arranged in parallel and almost in contact with each other; and an image-pick-up device having an effective image-pick-up range of 2 to 2.5 mm or less for forming an object image, said elements being arranged in order from an object side, wherein a pair of optical axes, defined by said pair of negative lenses and said first pair of positive-lenses said respective optical axis pass through the respective centers of said pair of apertures of said brightness diaphragm, wherein the centers of circumferences of said second pair of positive-lenses are arranged eccentrically with respect to said pair of optical axes by shifting symmetrically and by the same amount said second pair of positive-lenses in a direction towards each other's center wherein the distance between said centers is less than the sum of radii of said circumferences, wherein said pair of optical axes become eccentric in the direction towards each other's by said second pair of positive-lenses and said pair of optical axes reach said image-pick-up device, wherein each of said positive-lenses of said second pair has a cutout portion at their respective circumference, where each of said lenses abuts with each other at said cut out portion, such that the distance between the centers of circumferences of said positive-lenses of said second pair is less than the sum of radii thereof, and said object optical system satisfies the following conditional formulas: 0.2≦x/d≦0.9  (1) 0.03L<d<2L  (2) wherein x represents an optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes of said image-pick-up device, d represents the optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes of said object side, and L represents the best observation distance of said object optical system, so that x/d expresses the grade of the eccentricity of said second pair of positive-lenses, and the comparison of L with d expresses the grade of a parallax required for measurements or stereoscopic-vision observations.
 2. An endoscope apparatus which includes an object optical system to conduct measurements or stereoscopic-vision observations, said object optical system comprising: a pair of negative lenses; a first pair of positive-lenses; a brightness diaphragm; a second pair of positive-lenses; and an image-pick-up device for forming an object image, said elements being arranged in order from an object side, wherein a pair of optical axes are defined by said pair of negative lenses, said first pair of positive-lenses and said brightness diaphragm, and wherein the centers of said second pair of positive-lenses are arranged eccentrically with respect to said pair of optical axes in a direction in which said centers come closer to each other.
 3. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied: 0.2≦x/d≦0.9  (1) wherein x represents an optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes at said image-pick-up device, and d represents the optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes at said object side.
 4. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the centers of said second pair of positive-lenses are arranged eccentrically with respect to said pair of optical axes such that each of said centers shift in a direction in which said centers come closer to each other.
 5. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the centers of said second pair of positive-lens are arranged eccentrically with respect to said pair of optical axes in a direction in which said centers come closer to each other symmetrically and by the same amount.
 6. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the centers of said second pair of positive-lenses are arranged to tilt eccentrically with respect to said pair of optical axes in a direction in which said centers come closer to each other.
 7. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the centers of said pair second of positive-lenses are arranged to tilt eccentrically with respect to said pair of optical axes in a direction in which said centers come closer to each other symmetrically and by the same amount.
 8. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied; 0.03L<d<2L  (2) wherein d represents the optic-axial distance of said pair of optical axes at said object side, and L represents the best observation distance of said object optical system.
 9. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said apparatus is detachable from said image-pick-up device.
 10. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 2, wherein a prism for converting a line of sight is arranged between an object and said pair of negative lenses.
 11. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 2, wherein an effective image-pick-up range of said image-pick-up device is 2 to 2.5 mm or less.
 12. An endoscope apparatus equipped with an object optical system to conduct measurements or stereoscopic-vision observations, said object optical system comprising: a brightness diaphragm; a pair of positive-lenses; and an image-pick-up device for forming an object image, said elements being arranged in order from an object side, wherein an optic-axially eccentric device is arranged adjacent said brightness diaphragm, and wherein the optic-axial distance on the object side determined by said optic-axially eccentric device is eccentric with respect to the optic-axial distance determined by a pair of positive-lenses on an image side from said brightness diaphragm.
 13. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied: 0.2≦x/d≦0.9 wherein x represents the optic-axial distance of a pair of optical axes at said image-pick-up device, and d represents the optic-axial distance of a pair of optical axes on the object side from said brightness diaphragm.
 14. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said optic-axially eccentric device is disposed within 0.5 mm from said brightness diaphragm.
 15. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 14, wherein said brightness diaphragm is disposed within said optic-axially eccentric device.
 16. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said optic-axially eccentric device is provided on only one pair of said pair of positive-lenses.
 17. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said optic-axially eccentric device has a prism with two reflecting surfaces or two reflective mirrors.
 18. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the following conditional expression is satisfied: 0.03L<d<2L  (2) wherein d represents the optic-axial distance of a pair of optical axes on the object side from said brightness diaphragm, and L represents the best observation distance of said object optical system.
 19. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 12, wherein said apparatus is detachable from said image-pick-up device.
 20. The endoscope apparatus according to claim 12, wherein said effective image-pick-up range of said image-pick-up device is 2 to 2.5 mm or less. 